How does the Earth move in outer space? The speed of movement of the sun and the galaxy in the universe. How fast does our planet fly?
Being motionless relative to the surface of the Earth, we rotate around its axis and together with it we move relative to the Sun at a speed of approximately 30 km/s. The Solar System itself moves relative to the center of the Galaxy at a speed of 250 km/s.
The most distant galaxies move relative to us (moving away from us) at enormous speeds, greater than 250,000 km/s (i.e. 900,000 km/h). The further away the galaxies are, the greater the speed at which they are moving away. Observing increasingly distant objects, scientists come to new discoveries about the structure of objects in the Universe, about the properties, connections between space and time, forces and velocities, masses and energy.
Based on new facts obtained by using more and more accurate instruments, more and more powerful telescopes, new hypotheses are put forward, theories are built about the origin and development of celestial bodies individually and the entire Universe as a whole.
“With excitement, we looked through twelve more plates... and on four of them we found the same object, without a doubt - a new comet, since at close exposures its movement relative to the stars was noticeable. After viewing all the catalogs and ephemerides for 1969 using comet circulars, it was established that the comet is indeed new and we are holding in our hands...
Deserts can be classified in different ways: By climatic zones: polar - Antarctica, Greenland, the coast and islands of the Arctic; temperate climate, cold and warm - in Central and Central Asia, North America and Patagonia; and, finally, subtropical hot ones - the Sahara, the deserts of Australia, Hindustan, and the Pacific coast of South America. Soil composition: sandy (ergi), sandy-crushed, gravelly-gypsum (serir, reg), rocky (gam-mada,...
When you penetrate deep underground, it seems that you find yourself in a completely lifeless, frozen world. But it only seems so. The caves are home to more than 800 species of bats - the largest representatives of the underground animal world. Bats perform at night the useful work that birds do during the day - they destroy many harmful insects. Since ancient times, people have counted bats...
Greenland is the largest and one of the oldest islands in the world. Its northern tip, located above 85 degrees north latitude, is located at a distance of about 700 kilometers from the North Pole, and its southern tip is at the sixtieth parallel, that is, approximately the same latitude as St. Petersburg. The length of the island is about 2,700 kilometers. Greenland is almost entirely covered with ice, which...
Why does the starry sky seem to rotate and why is the North Star almost motionless? It turns out that the reason for this apparent movement of the stars is the rotation of the Earth. Just as a person spinning around a room seems as if the whole room is spinning around him, so we, who are on a rotating Earth, see stars as if they were moving. Our Earth has an axis of rotation...
Near Andromeda is the constellation Pegasus, which is especially visible at midnight in mid-October. Three stars of this constellation and. the star Alpha Andromeda forms a figure that astronomers call the “Big Square”. It can be easily found in the autumn sky. The winged horse Pegasus arose from the body of the Gorgon Medusa, beheaded by Perseus, but did not inherit anything bad from her...
This constellation was called Hydrochos by the Greeks, Acuarius by the Romans, and Sakib-al-ma by the Arabs. All this meant the same thing: a man pouring water. The Greek myth about Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha, the only people who escaped the global flood, is associated with the constellation Aquarius. The name of the constellation really leads to the “homeland of the Flood” - to the valley of the Tigris rivers...
In astronomy, a satellite is a body that revolves around a larger body and is held by the force of its gravity. The Moon is the Earth's satellite. The Earth is a satellite of the Sun. All planets of the solar system, with the exception of Mercury and Venus, have satellites. Artificial satellites are man-made spacecraft orbiting the Earth or another planet. They are launched for various purposes:...
When people found out how far the Sun was from the Earth, they realized that the Sun was very large. And yet how big? What can you compare it to? If you imagine a huge empty ball the same size as the Sun, and many small balls the size of our planet, then it turns out that one large ball will fit one million three hundred thousand...
We can talk about the laws of “life” of planets, if we keep in mind that life is movement. If the planets stopped, for some reason stopped running in circular orbits, they would fall into the Sun. The German scientist Johannes Kepler (1581-1630) discovered the laws of planetary motion. Through calculations, he proved that the planets do not move in circles, as they thought...
Since ancient times, people have been interested in why night gives way to day, winter in spring, and summer in autumn. Later, when answers to the first questions were found, scientists began to take a closer look at the Earth as an object, trying to find out at what speed the Earth rotates around the Sun and around its axis.
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Earth movement
All celestial bodies are in motion, the Earth is no exception. Moreover, it simultaneously undergoes axial movement and movement around the Sun.
To visualize the movement of the Earth, just look at the top, which simultaneously rotates around an axis and quickly moves along the floor. If this movement did not exist, the Earth would not be suitable for life. Thus, our planet, without rotation around its axis, would be constantly turned to the Sun with one side, on which the air temperature would reach +100 degrees, and all the water available in this area would turn into steam. On the other side, the temperature would be constantly below zero and the entire surface of this part would be covered with ice.
Rotation orbit
Rotation around the Sun follows a certain trajectory - an orbit that is established due to the attraction of the Sun and the speed of movement of our planet. If the gravity were several times stronger or the speed was much lower, then the Earth would fall into the Sun. What if the attraction disappeared or greatly decreased, then the planet, driven by its centrifugal force, flew tangentially into space. This would be similar to spinning an object tied to a rope above your head and then suddenly releasing it.
The Earth's trajectory is shaped like an ellipse rather than a perfect circle, and the distance to the star varies throughout the year. In January, the planet approaches the point closest to the star - it is called perihelion - and is 147 million km away from the star. And in July, the Earth moves 152 million km away from the sun, approaching a point called aphelion. The average distance is taken to be 150 million km.
The Earth moves in its orbit from west to east, which corresponds to the “counterclockwise” direction.
It takes the Earth 365 days 5 hours 48 minutes 46 seconds (1 astronomical year) to complete one revolution around the center of the Solar System. But for convenience, a calendar year is usually counted as 365 days, and the remaining time is “accumulated” and adds one day to each leap year.
The orbital distance is 942 million km. Based on calculations, the speed of the Earth is 30 km per second or 107,000 km/h. For people it remains invisible, since all people and objects move the same way in the coordinate system. And yet it is very big. For example, the highest speed of a racing car is 300 km/h, which is 365 times slower than the speed of the Earth rushing along its orbit.
However, the value of 30 km/s is not constant due to the fact that the orbit is an ellipse. The speed of our planet fluctuates somewhat throughout the journey. The greatest difference is achieved when passing the perihelion and aphelion points and is 1 km/s. That is, the accepted speed of 30 km/s is average.
Axial rotation
The earth's axis is a conventional line that can be drawn from the north to the south pole. It passes at an angle of 66°33 relative to the plane of our planet. One revolution occurs in 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds, this time is designated by the sidereal day.
The main result of axial rotation is the change of day and night on the planet. In addition, due to this movement:
- The earth has a shape with oblate poles;
- bodies (river flows, wind) moving in a horizontal plane shift slightly (in the Southern Hemisphere - to the left, in the Northern Hemisphere - to the right).
The speed of axial movement in different areas differs significantly. The highest at the equator is 465 m/s or 1674 km/h, it is called linear. This is the speed, for example, in the capital of Ecuador. In areas north or south of the equator, the rotation speed decreases. For example, in Moscow it is almost 2 times lower. These speeds are called angular, their indicator becomes smaller as they approach the poles. At the poles themselves, the speed is zero, that is, the poles are the only parts of the planet that are without movement relative to the axis.
It is the location of the axis at a certain angle that determines the change of seasons. Being in this position, different areas of the planet receive unequal amounts of heat at different times. If our planet was located strictly vertically relative to the Sun, then there would be no seasons at all, since the northern latitudes illuminated by the luminary during the daytime received the same amount of heat and light as the southern latitudes.
The following factors influence axial rotation:
- seasonal changes (precipitation, atmospheric movement);
- tidal waves against the direction of axial movement.
These factors slow down the planet, as a result of which its speed decreases. The rate of this decrease is very small, only 1 second in 40,000 years; however, over 1 billion years, the day has lengthened from 17 to 24 hours.
The movement of the Earth continues to be studied to this day.. This data helps to compile more accurate star maps, as well as determine the connection of this movement with natural processes on our planet.
The Earth, together with the planets, revolves around the sun and almost all people on Earth know this. The fact that the Sun revolves around the center of our Milky Way galaxy is already known to a much smaller number of inhabitants of the planet. But that's not all. Our galaxy revolves around the center of the universe. Let's find out about it and watch interesting video footage.
It turns out that the entire solar system moves along with the Sun through the local interstellar cloud (the unchanging plane remains parallel to itself) at a speed of 25 km/s. This movement is directed almost perpendicular to the unchanging plane.
Perhaps here we need to look for explanations for the noticed differences in the structure of the northern and southern hemispheres of the Sun, the stripes and spots of both hemispheres of Jupiter. In any case, this movement determines possible encounters between the solar system and matter scattered in one form or another in interstellar space. The actual motion of the planets in space occurs along elongated helical lines (for example, the “stroke” of the screw of Jupiter’s orbit is 12 times greater than its diameter).
In 226 million years (galactic year), the solar system makes a complete revolution around the center of the galaxy, moving along an almost circular trajectory at a speed of 220 km/s.
Our Sun is part of a huge star system called the Galaxy (also called the Milky Way). Our Galaxy has the shape of a disk, similar to two plates folded at the edges. In its center is the rounded core of the Galaxy.
Our Galaxy - side view
If you look at our Galaxy from above, it looks like a spiral in which stellar matter is concentrated mainly in its branches, called galactic arms. The arms are located in the plane of the Galaxy's disk.
Our Galaxy - view from above
Our Galaxy contains more than 100 billion stars. The diameter of the Galaxy's disk is about 30 thousand parsecs (100,000 light years), and its thickness is about 1000 light years.
The stars within the disk move in circular paths around the center of the Galaxy, just as the planets in the Solar System orbit the Sun. The rotation of the Galaxy occurs clockwise when looking at the Galaxy from its north pole (located in the constellation Coma Berenices). The speed of rotation of the disk is not the same at different distances from the center: it decreases as it moves away from it.
The closer to the center of the Galaxy, the higher the density of stars. If we lived on a planet near a star located near the core of the Galaxy, then dozens of stars would be visible in the sky, comparable in brightness to the Moon.
However, the Sun is very far from the center of the Galaxy, one might say - on its outskirts, at a distance of about 26 thousand light years (8.5 thousand parsecs), near the plane of the galaxy. It is located in the Orion Arm, connected to two larger arms - the inner Sagittarius Arm and the outer Perseus Arm.
The Sun moves at a speed of about 220-250 kilometers per second around the center of the Galaxy and makes a complete revolution around its center, according to various estimates, in 220-250 million years. During its existence, the period of revolution of the Sun together with surrounding stars near the center of our star system is called the galactic year. But you need to understand that there is no common period for the Galaxy, since it does not rotate like a rigid body. During its existence, the Sun circled the Galaxy approximately 30 times.
The Sun's revolution around the center of the Galaxy is oscillatory: every 33 million years it crosses the galactic equator, then rises above its plane to a height of 230 light years and descends again to the equator.
Interestingly, the Sun makes a complete revolution around the center of the Galaxy in exactly the same time as the spiral arms. As a result, the Sun does not cross regions of active star formation, in which supernovae often erupt - sources of radiation destructive to life. That is, it is located in the sector of the Galaxy that is most favorable for the origin and maintenance of life.
The solar system is moving through the interstellar medium of our Galaxy much more slowly than previously thought, and no shock wave is forming at its leading edge. This was established by astronomers who analyzed the data collected by the IBEX probe, reports RIA Novosti.
“We can say almost certainly that there is no shock wave in front of the heliosphere (the bubble that limits the Solar System from the interstellar medium), and that its interaction with the interstellar medium is much weaker and more dependent on magnetic fields than previously thought,” the scientists write in the article. published in the journal Science.
NASA's IBEX (Interstellar Boundary Explorer), launched in June 2008, is designed to explore the boundary of the solar system and interstellar space - the heliosphere, located at a distance of approximately 16 billion kilometers from the Sun.
At this distance, the flow of charged particles from the solar wind and the strength of the Sun's magnetic field weaken so much that they can no longer overcome the pressure of the discharged interstellar matter and ionized gas. As a result, a heliosphere “bubble” is formed, filled with solar wind inside and surrounded by interstellar gas outside.
The Sun's magnetic field deflects the trajectory of charged interstellar particles, but has no effect on the neutral atoms of hydrogen, oxygen and helium, which freely penetrate into the central regions of the Solar System. The detectors of the IBEX satellite “catch” such neutral atoms. Their study allows astronomers to draw conclusions about the features of the solar system's border zone.
A group of scientists from the USA, Germany, Poland and Russia presented a new analysis of data from the IBEX satellite, according to which the speed of the solar system was lower than previously thought. At the same time, as new data indicate, a shock wave does not arise in the front part of the heliosphere.
“The sonic boom that occurs when a jet plane breaks the sound barrier can serve as an terrestrial example for a shock wave. When a plane reaches supersonic speed, the air in front of it can't get out of its way fast enough, resulting in a shock wave,” said study lead author David McComas, according to a Southwest Research Institute press release ( USA).
For about a quarter of a century, scientists believed that the heliosphere was moving through interstellar space at a speed high enough for such a shock wave to form in front of it. However, new IBEX data showed that the solar system is actually moving through a local cloud of interstellar gas at a speed of 23.25 kilometers per second, which is 3.13 kilometers per second slower than previously thought. And this speed is below the limit at which a shock wave occurs.
"Although a shock wave exists in front of the bubbles surrounding many other stars, we found that our Sun's interaction with its environment does not reach the threshold at which a shock wave forms," McComas said.
Previously, the IBEX probe was engaged in mapping the boundary of the heliosphere and discovered a mysterious strip on the heliosphere with increased fluxes of energetic particles, which surrounded the “bubble” of the heliosphere. Also, with the help of IBEX, it was established that the speed of movement of the Solar system over the past 15 years, for inexplicable reasons, has decreased by more than 10%.
The universe is spinning like a spinning top. Astronomers have discovered traces of the rotation of the universe.
Until now, most researchers were inclined to believe that our universe is static. Or if it moves, it’s only a little. Imagine the surprise of a team of scientists from the University of Michigan (USA), led by Professor Michael Longo, when they discovered clear traces of the rotation of our universe in space. It turns out that from the very beginning, even during the Big Bang, when the Universe was just born, it was already rotating. It was as if someone had launched it like a spinning top. And she is still spinning and spinning.
The research was carried out as part of the international project “Sloan Digital Sky Survey”. And scientists discovered this phenomenon by cataloging the direction of rotation of about 16,000 spiral galaxies from the north pole of the Milky Way. At first, scientists tried to find evidence that the Universe has the properties of mirror symmetry. In this case, they reasoned, the number of galaxies that rotate clockwise and those that “spin” in the opposite direction would be the same, pravda.ru reports.
But it turned out that towards the north pole of the Milky Way, among spiral galaxies, counterclockwise rotation predominates, that is, they are oriented to the right. This trend is visible even at a distance of more than 600 million light years.
The symmetry violation is small, only about seven percent, but the probability that this is such a cosmic accident is somewhere around one in a million,” commented Professor Longo. “Our results are very important because they seem to contradict the almost universal belief that if you take a large enough scale, the Universe will be isotropic, that is, it will not have a clear direction.
According to experts, a symmetrical and isotropic Universe should have arisen from a spherically symmetrical explosion, which should have been shaped like a basketball. However, if at birth the Universe rotated around its axis in a certain direction, then the galaxies would maintain this direction of rotation. But, since they rotate in different directions, it follows that the Big Bang had a diversified direction. However, the Universe is most likely still spinning.
In general, astrophysicists had previously guessed about the violation of symmetry and isotropy. Their guesses were based on observations of other giant anomalies. These include traces of cosmic strings - incredibly extended defects of space-time of zero thickness, hypothetically born in the first moments after the Big Bang. The appearance of “bruises” on the body of the Universe - the so-called imprints from its past collisions with other universes. And also the movement of the “Dark Stream” - a huge stream of galactic clusters rushing at enormous speed in one direction.
Even sitting in a chair in front of a computer screen and clicking on links, we are physically involved in a variety of movements. Where are we going? Where is the "top" of the movement? apex?
Firstly, we participate in the rotation of the Earth around its axis. This diurnal movement directed towards the east point on the horizon. The speed of movement depends on the latitude; it is equal to 465*cos(φ) m/sec. Thus, if you are at the north or south pole of the Earth, then you are not participating in this movement. Let's say in Moscow the daily linear speed is approximately 260 m/sec. The angular velocity of the apex of daily motion relative to the stars is easy to calculate: 360° / 24 hours = 15° / hour.
Secondly, the Earth, and we along with it, moves around the Sun. (We will ignore the small monthly wobble around the center of mass of the Earth-Moon system.) Average speed annual movement in orbit - 30 km/sec. At perihelion in early January it is slightly higher, at aphelion in early July it is slightly lower, but since the Earth’s orbit is almost an exact circle, the speed difference is only 1 km/sec. The apex of the orbital motion naturally shifts and makes a full circle in a year. Its ecliptic latitude is 0 degrees, and its longitude is equal to the longitude of the Sun plus approximately 90 degrees - λ=λ ☉ +90°, β=0. In other words, the apex lies on the ecliptic, 90 degrees ahead of the Sun. Accordingly, the angular velocity of the apex is equal to the angular velocity of the Sun: 360°/year, slightly less than a degree per day.
We carry out larger movements together with our Sun as part of the Solar System.
First, the Sun moves relative nearest stars(so-called local rest standard). The speed of movement is approximately 20 km/sec (slightly more than 4 AU/year). Please note: this is even less than the speed of the Earth in orbit. The movement is directed towards the constellation Hercules, and the equatorial coordinates of the apex are α = 270°, δ = 30°. However, if we measure the speed relative to all bright stars, visible to the naked eye, then we get the standard movement of the Sun, it is somewhat different, lower in speed 15 km / sec ~ 3 AU. / year). This is also the constellation Hercules, although the apex is slightly shifted (α = 265°, δ = 21°). But relative to the interstellar gas, the Solar system moves slightly faster (22-25 km / sec), but the apex is significantly shifted and falls into the constellation Ophiuchus (α = 258°, δ = -17°). This apex shift of approximately 50° is associated with the so-called. "interstellar wind" "blowing from the south" of the Galaxy.
All three movements described are, so to speak, local movements, “walks in the yard.” But the Sun, together with the nearest and generally visible stars (after all, we practically do not see very distant stars), together with clouds of interstellar gas, revolves around the center of the Galaxy - and these are completely different speeds!
The speed of movement of the solar system around galactic center is 200 km/sec (more than 40 AU/year). However, the indicated value is inaccurate; it is difficult to determine the galactic speed of the Sun; We don’t even see what we are measuring the movement against: the center of the Galaxy is hidden by dense interstellar clouds of dust. The value is constantly being refined and tends to decrease; not so long ago it was taken as 230 km/sec (you can often find this value), and recent studies give results even less than 200 km/sec. The galactic movement occurs perpendicular to the direction to the center of the Galaxy and therefore the apex has galactic coordinates l = 90°, b = 0° or in more familiar equatorial coordinates - α = 318°, δ = 48°; this point is located in Lebed. Because this is a movement of reversal, the apex moves and completes a full circle in a "galactic year", approximately 250 million years; its angular velocity is ~5"/1000 years, one and a half degrees per million years.
Further movements include the movement of the entire Galaxy. Measuring such a movement is also not easy, the distances are too large, and the error in the numbers is still quite large.
Thus, our Galaxy and the Andromeda Galaxy, two massive objects of the Local Group of Galaxies, are gravitationally attracted and move towards each other at a speed of about 100-150 km/sec, with the main component of the speed belonging to our galaxy. The lateral component of the motion is not precisely known, and concerns about a collision are premature. An additional contribution to this movement is made by the massive galaxy M33, located in approximately the same direction as the Andromeda galaxy. In general, the speed of motion of our Galaxy relative to the barycenter Local group of galaxies about 100 km/sec approximately in the Andromeda/Lizard direction (l = 100, b = -4, α = 333, δ = 52), however these data are still very approximate. This is a very modest relative speed: the Galaxy shifts to its own diameter in two to three hundred million years, or, very approximately, in galactic year.
If we measure the speed of the Galaxy relative to distant galaxy clusters, we will see a different picture: both our galaxy and the rest of the galaxies of the Local Group together as a whole are moving in the direction of the large Virgo cluster at approximately 400 km/sec. This movement is also due to gravitational forces.
Background cosmic microwave background radiation defines a certain selected reference frame associated with all baryonic matter in the observable part of the Universe. In a sense, motion relative to this microwave background is motion relative to the Universe as a whole (this motion should not be confused with the recession of galaxies!). This movement can be determined by measuring dipole temperature anisotropy unevenness of cosmic microwave background radiation in different directions. Such measurements showed an unexpected and important thing: all the galaxies in the part of the Universe closest to us, including not only our Local Group, but also the Virgo cluster and other clusters, are moving relative to the background cosmic microwave background radiation at an unexpectedly high speed. For the Local Group of galaxies it is 600-650 km/sec with its apex in the constellation Hydra (α=166, δ=-27). It looks like somewhere in the depths of the Universe there is an as yet undetected huge cluster of many superclusters, attracting matter from our part of the Universe. This hypothetical cluster was named The Great Attractor.
How was the speed of the Local Group of galaxies determined? Of course, in fact, astronomers measured the speed of the Sun relative to the microwave background: it turned out to be ~390 km / s with an apex with coordinates l = 265°, b = 50° (α = 168, δ = -7) on the border of the constellations Leo and Chalice. Then determine the speed of the Sun relative to the galaxies of the Local Group (300 km/s, constellation Lizard). It was no longer difficult to calculate the speed of the Local Group.
| Circadian: observer relative to the center of the Earth | 0-465 m/s | East |
| Annual: Earth relative to the Sun | 30 km/sec | perpendicular to the direction of the Sun |
| Local: The Sun relative to nearby stars | 20 km/sec | Hercules |
| Standard: Sun relative to bright stars | 15 km/sec | Hercules |
| Sun relative to interstellar gas | 22-25 km/sec | Ophiuchus |
| Sun relative to the galactic center | ~200 km/sec | Swan |
| Sun relative to the Local Group of galaxies | 300 km/sec | Lizard |
| Galaxy relative to the Local Group of galaxies | ~1 00 km/sec |
You sit, stand or lie reading this article and do not feel that the Earth is spinning on its axis at a breakneck speed - approximately 1,700 km/h at the equator. However, the rotation speed does not seem that fast when converted to km/s. The result is 0.5 km/s - a barely noticeable blip on the radar, in comparison with other speeds around us.
Just like other planets in the solar system, the Earth revolves around the Sun. And in order to stay in its orbit, it moves at a speed of 30 km/s. Venus and Mercury, which are closer to the Sun, move faster, Mars, whose orbit passes behind the Earth’s orbit, moves much slower.
But even the Sun does not stand in one place. Our Milky Way galaxy is huge, massive and also mobile! All stars, planets, gas clouds, dust particles, black holes, dark matter - all of this moves relative to a common center of mass.
According to scientists, the Sun is located at a distance of 25,000 light years from the center of our galaxy and moves in an elliptical orbit, making a full revolution every 220–250 million years. It turns out that the speed of the Sun is about 200–220 km/s, which is hundreds of times higher than the speed of the Earth around its axis and tens of times higher than the speed of its movement around the Sun. This is what the movement of our solar system looks like.
Is the galaxy stationary? Not again. Giant space objects have a large mass, and therefore create strong gravitational fields. Give the Universe some time (and we've had it for about 13.8 billion years), and everything will start moving in the direction of greatest gravity. That is why the Universe is not homogeneous, but consists of galaxies and groups of galaxies.
What does this mean for us?
This means that the Milky Way is pulled towards it by other galaxies and groups of galaxies located nearby. This means that massive objects dominate the process. And this means that not only our galaxy, but also everyone around us is influenced by these “tractors”. We are getting closer to understanding what happens to us in outer space, but we still lack facts, for example:
- what were the initial conditions under which the Universe began;
- how the different masses in the galaxy move and change over time;
- how the Milky Way and surrounding galaxies and clusters were formed;
- and how it is happening now.
However, there is a trick that will help us figure it out.
The Universe is filled with relict radiation with a temperature of 2.725 K, which has been preserved since the Big Bang. Here and there there are tiny deviations - about 100 μK, but the overall temperature background is constant.
This is because the Universe was formed by the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago and is still expanding and cooling.
380,000 years after the Big Bang, the Universe cooled to such a temperature that the formation of hydrogen atoms became possible. Before this, photons constantly interacted with other plasma particles: they collided with them and exchanged energy. As the Universe cooled, there were fewer charged particles and more space between them. Photons were able to move freely in space. CMB radiation is photons that were emitted by the plasma towards the future location of the Earth, but escaped scattering because recombination had already begun. They reach the Earth through the space of the Universe, which continues to expand.
You can “see” this radiation yourself. The interference that occurs on a blank TV channel if you use a simple antenna that looks like a rabbit's ears is 1% caused by the CMB.
Still, the temperature of the relict background is not the same in all directions. According to the results of research by the Planck mission, the temperature differs slightly in the opposite hemispheres of the celestial sphere: it is slightly higher in parts of the sky south of the ecliptic - about 2.728 K, and lower in the other half - about 2.722 K.
Map of the microwave background made with the Planck telescope. This difference is almost 100 times larger than other observed temperature variations in the CMB, and is misleading. Why is this happening? The answer is obvious - this difference is not due to fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background radiation, it appears because there is movement!
When you approach a light source or it approaches you, the spectral lines in the source's spectrum shift towards short waves (violet shift), when you move away from it or it moves away from you, the spectral lines shift towards long waves (red shift).
CMB radiation cannot be more or less energetic, which means we are moving through space. The Doppler effect helps determine that our Solar System is moving relative to the CMB at a speed of 368 ± 2 km/s, and the local group of galaxies, including the Milky Way, the Andromeda Galaxy and the Triangulum Galaxy, is moving at a speed of 627 ± 22 km/s relative to the CMB. These are the so-called peculiar velocities of galaxies, which amount to several hundred km/s. In addition to them, there are also cosmological velocities due to the expansion of the Universe and calculated according to Hubble’s law.
Thanks to residual radiation from the Big Bang, we can observe that everything in the Universe is constantly moving and changing. And our galaxy is only part of this process.